How Earth breathes key to climate change

From: Subject: How Earth breathes key to climate change Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2007 21:38:46 +0100 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C84287.88AF09D0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3198 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C84287.88AF09D0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.climos.com/articles/howearth.htm How Earth breathes key to climate change


	Posted on Sun, Jan. 21, 2007

How = Earth breathes=20 key to climate change Scientists=20 studying how plant cycles and soils absorb and release = carbon in the=20 course of a year By = Betsy=20 Mason CONTRA COSTA = TIMES Looking out across an expanse of oak-grass savanna from = the top=20 of a 65-foot research tower near Ione in Amador County,=20 biometeorologist Dennis Baldocchi of UC Berkeley sums up his = part in=20 the effort to get a more accurate picture of climate = change. "We want to see how the earth breathes, essentially," he=20 said. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuates = over=20 the course of a year as plants go through their annual = cycle. In the=20 spring and summer, plants are flowering and growing leaves = and=20 taking in carbon dioxide to fuel photosynthesis while giving = off=20 oxygen. In the fall and winter, that process slows = drastically for=20 some plants and stops altogether for others, leaving more = carbon=20 dioxide in the air. Soils also soak up and give off carbon = dioxide=20 throughout the year. One of the pieces of the climate puzzle that hasn't come = into=20 focus yet is this flux of carbon between the earth and the=20 atmosphere. How this interchange will be affected by changes = in=20 sunlight, temperature, rainfall and soil moisture is still a = big gap=20 in the climate models. The overwhelming scientific consensus is that global = warming is=20 inevitable, that it is already happening and that humans are = at=20 least partly responsible. But there is far less agreement = about how=20 much the earth will warm and how quickly. Forecasting future climate depends on complicated = computer models=20 that require vast amounts of information about everything = from how=20 much carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere to how much more = sunlight=20 is reflected by sea ice than by the open ocean. Scientists gather data from the past when they can and = make their=20 best estimates when they can't. Though they may never be = able to=20 quantify every single force that influences climate, they = strive to=20 get as close as possible, and they get closer every day. Baldocchi is working toward that goal in the oak savanna = on=20 ranchland southeast of Sacramento. "These trees are really amazing in their ability to = endure the=20 dry, hot conditions at the end of the summer," he said on a=20 mercifully cool and breezy day in August. The savanna = typically gets=20 fewer than 20 inches of rain each year, just enough for the = trees to=20 survive. Baldocchi's team hopes to get as complete a picture as = possible=20 of the carbon interchange among plants, soil and air in a = typical=20 oak savanna under different climate conditions, particularly = extended hot and dry weather. This information then can be = used to=20 predict more accurately how Mediterranean savannas across = the globe,=20 which make up around 20 percent of the earth's groundcover, = will=20 react to future climate change. "We want to see what's going on on the ground and then = compare=20 that to what the satellites see and then extrapolate to the = rest of=20 the earth," Baldocchi said. Meanwhile, at 300 other sites across the globe, = scientists are=20 gathering the same information from different types of = plants. The=20 international project, known as Fluxnet, aims to understand = how=20 different ecosystems breathe by making continuous = measurements for=20 multiple years. The data they gather can then be plugged = into global=20 climate models to help them get closer to reality. "They need to be able to calculate the flows of energy in = and out=20 of the ecosystem," Baldocchi said. He has employed an army of instruments and several = graduate=20 students to probe and scrutinize the savanna from the roots = up to=20 the top of the oak canopy. By recording temperature, = sunlight,=20 carbon dioxide, water vapor, vertical and horizontal wind = velocities=20 and air turbulence, they are slowly teasing apart the = intricate=20 relationship between the earth and the atmosphere. At the top of the metal tower above the oak canopy, = instruments=20 measure the amount of sunlight coming in. Below the trees = and a few=20 feet above the ground, a bread-box sized robot glides back = and forth=20 along a 30-meter track through patches of sun and shade, = measuring=20 how much sunlight gets through the leaves to the grass = below.=20 Another instrument on the tower measures how much light is = reflected=20 back up from the ground. A network of tubes collects air samples from different = heights=20 along the tower to be analyzed for carbon dioxide. The = carbon coming=20 from the atmosphere, the ground and the plants has different = ratios=20 of carbon isotopes -- or forms of carbon with slightly = different=20 masses -- which scientists can use to determine where the = carbon=20 dioxide is coming from and where it is going. "You have CO2 being taken up by plants and being = respirated into=20 the atmosphere," said biogeochemist Rich Brenner of UC = Berkeley.=20 "It's basically the ratio that tells us if the CO2 is coming = from=20 the ground or plants or being taken up by the plants." Graduate student Jessica Osuna has set up another = contraption to=20 analyze the efficiency of photosynthesis in an oak tree's = leaves by=20 comparing the carbon dioxide in the air flowing around the = leaf to=20 the ambient air. The more the leaf photosynthesizes, the = less carbon=20 will be left in the air around it. Eventually, Baldocchi's team and other scientists doing = similar=20 measurements around the world aim to have a detailed grasp = of when,=20 how and how much carbon flows in and out of different = ecosystems.=20 This picture will put climate scientists one step closer to=20 understanding what the future holds. Betsy Mason covers science and the national laboratories. = Reach=20 her at 925-847-2158 or bmason@cctimes.com.

=A9 2007 ContraCostaTimes.com and wire = service sources.=20 All Rights Reserved.
http://www.contracostatimes.com=20
------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C84287.88AF09D0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.climos.com/articles/howearth_files/archives_title.gif R0lGODlhlAAMALMAALyz4Ked1J+SzrGn2MfA5JGDxoFzvdLN62FSp3BhskAwkVA/n+Hd8iobfvHt +f///ywAAAAAlAAMAAAE//DJdwhhbj5Xmf6Sw4yiY54jhoFbxkqMdbghARysZWLn7nofEQ8lHIVo E2BpmSTMJAfEIpFQKAaSwhShWABChYAmuiBUF4tuOhFIoxfYZKLwIlPTAslggTjHHwx9UgJuamkE FAsgA1ZpagoFBGhxBQZIDAsZDAaPCRkDCJwJFAoIE5J0VV8Pkg04DlWIEwmmBgcMAg0CDgABsA1O Cq4TBw2mIAzGOIAGBg+EqwTCeQ9SzJEjaBcGiAPAHwECI8IXBQUO1hJVy1kNQAcKnjYcCmIEBgxW SAM2Vxr5mX6VmWAAgQkJABrEyZDgWwGFIQw0UMBughQkDvo5OyVshjEYQP+qLfBwUOIoDQcfLHAH A90xdA3ohCAHRcFGCblWHZAo84OUkO12FahCUUJBGt7+PGjY7RspAZA+JFQKY+UqgrpUZvU5khgV pyBWhnQJBYExIAWEyYR3k9XEZWapoeSD5EGABs4MDLiLwIMBTxOmamC61KAeg3w+PLxKzIqsCXfp EGgQk2vIoZNPhmUZAsExALQUrGKDt+aCobseSFSAaKXcJKXq3rVkQIzJB0NpCJ7V4M5lOpyALgYB j/UHbzLvbpXwc8KCXfpYiJ1A9gEoADYpFCh2DN7zOS7MUmzY1rkCoHZ1wRITCG8z3RB5G1gpZgOV oQpe331dNT7krQ48VBT/c109gJ0BWjRQ3wfTdaYIbgatU5sDDTzI1gYrANJQApMNGAJuyxmlgAgJ yNVQaRMkNdg3ZnVjighoIJEGegH29oFEMwCRS0/NqWRJRvFIx9kGnhk1ijddeBDdhcS4gIZqNkI2 QD4eOnCahq811JN1/i31TT6mhMKbUnzRwAsmHiZzJDUJLdhcMcugo4CQ7FT31wYryWRWBkyOYAuB 9hkzwAFaiJFLfgcAkBgFYmqwQFs7UkefHr0pOEEuBaozkQAHgOKMNPUwoKhhAbAmyTF4FpVAJpdW hpIwAPygTyAbpbVMQ19M5sUABQSCwAGlLgiKZwj0KsE9fcwRWDMVDfDHQCZzyALAX6k908cfZpSI xLTEJrDMAbRQ4QsM4Z6zbAJTNvMYuAkwttMcywyQgF6E/snAAC4EMMe9VNxnoCBYRAAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C84287.88AF09D0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.climos.com/articles/howearth_files/spacer.gif R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAEZGRgAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C84287.88AF09D0 Content-Type: text/css; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.climos.com/articles/howearth_files/global.css TD { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: = verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } DIV { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: = verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .bulletinborder1 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cc0000 } .bulletinbkg1 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } .bulletinborder2 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #666666 } .bulletinbkg2 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffcc } .utilitylinks { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #ffffff; FONT-FAMILY: = verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .utilitylinks A:link { COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .utilitylinks A:visited { COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .utilitylinks A:hover { COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .navpipe { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #cacaca; FONT-FAMILY: = verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .navspace { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: = verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .npnavborder { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cccccc } .npnavbgtitle { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dddddd } .npnavtitle { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #0253b7; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .npnavbullet { FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #666666 } .npnavbg1 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dddddd } .npnavbg2 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee } .npnav1 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #0253b7; LINE-HEIGHT: 10pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .npnav1 A:link { COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .npnav1 A:visited { COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .npnav1 A:hover { COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .npnav2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #0253b7; LINE-HEIGHT: 10pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .npnav2 A:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .npnav2 A:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .npnav2 A:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .raildiv { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000 } .npraildiv { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000 } .columndiv { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000 } .leftrail { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee } .rightrail { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee } .centerrail { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } .body { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } .footer { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000 } .navborder { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #bfbfbf } .navbgtitle { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #595959 } .navbgtitle2 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #888888 } .navbg1 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #888888 } .navbg2 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #d7d7d7 } .navbg3 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e5e5e5 } .navbg4 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e5e5e5 } .navbg5 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e5e5e5 } .navbg6 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e5e5e5 } .navbg7 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e5e5e5 } .navbg8 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffcd } .navbg9 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffcd } .navbullet2 { FONT-SIZE: 9px; COLOR: #666666 } .navbullet3 { FONT-SIZE: 9px; COLOR: #666666 } .navbullet4 { FONT-SIZE: 9px; COLOR: #666666 } .navbullet5 { FONT-SIZE: 9px; COLOR: #666666 } .navbullet6 { FONT-SIZE: 9px; COLOR: #666666 } .navbullet7 { FONT-SIZE: 9px; COLOR: #666666 } .navbullet8 { FONT-SIZE: 9px; COLOR: #666666 } .navbullet9 { FONT-SIZE: 9px; COLOR: #cc0000 } .navtitle { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #ffffff; LINE-HEIGHT: 14pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .navtitle2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #ffffff; LINE-HEIGHT: 13pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .nav1 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #ffffff; LINE-HEIGHT: 10pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .nav1 A:link { COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav1 A:visited { COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav1 A:hover { COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .nav2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #0253b7; LINE-HEIGHT: 10pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .nav2 A:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav2 A:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav2 A:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .nav3 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #0253b7; LINE-HEIGHT: 10pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .nav3 A:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav3 A:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav3 A:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .nav4 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #0253b7; LINE-HEIGHT: 10pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .nav4 A:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav4 A:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav4 A:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .nav5 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #0253b7; LINE-HEIGHT: 10pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .nav5 A:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav5 A:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav5 A:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .nav6 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #0253b7; LINE-HEIGHT: 10pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .nav6 A:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav6 A:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav6 A:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .nav7 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #0253b7; LINE-HEIGHT: 10pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .nav7 A:link { COLOR: #122a5d; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav7 A:visited { COLOR: #122a5d; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav7 A:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #122a5d; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .nav8 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #0253b7; LINE-HEIGHT: 10pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .nav8 A:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav8 A:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav8 A:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .nav9 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #cc0000; LINE-HEIGHT: 10pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .nav9 A:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav9 A:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .nav9 A:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0049a4; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .adlabel { FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: = verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .h56 { FONT-SIZE: 56pt } .h54 { FONT-SIZE: 54pt } .h52 { FONT-SIZE: 52pt } .h50 { FONT-SIZE: 50pt } .h48 { FONT-SIZE: 48pt } .h46 { FONT-SIZE: 46pt } .h44 { FONT-SIZE: 44pt } .h42 { FONT-SIZE: 42pt } .h40 { FONT-SIZE: 40pt } .h38 { FONT-SIZE: 38pt } .h36 { FONT-SIZE: 36pt } .h34 { FONT-SIZE: 34pt } .h32 { FONT-SIZE: 32pt } .h30 { FONT-SIZE: 30pt } .h28 { FONT-SIZE: 28pt } .h26 { FONT-SIZE: 26pt } .h24 { FONT-SIZE: 24pt } .h22 { FONT-SIZE: 22pt } .h20 { FONT-SIZE: 20pt } .h18 { FONT-SIZE: 18pt } .h16 { FONT-SIZE: 16pt } .h14 { FONT-SIZE: 14pt } .h12 { FONT-SIZE: 12pt } .h10 { FONT-SIZE: 10pt } .h9_5 { FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt } .h9 { FONT-SIZE: 9pt } .h8_5 { FONT-SIZE: 8.5pt } .h8 { FONT-SIZE: 8pt } .h7_5 { FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt } .deck { COLOR: #666666; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt } .kicker { COLOR: #666666; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt } .briefs-section-head { COLOR: #666666; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt } .byline { FONT-SIZE: 7pt; COLOR: #666666 } .creditline { FONT-SIZE: 7pt; COLOR: #666666 } .block-quote2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt } .block-quote-credit2 { FONT-STYLE: italic } .block-quote { PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; MARGIN: 20px; PADDING-TOP: 10px } .block-quote-credit { FONT-STYLE: italic } .infobox { FONT-STYLE: italic } .italics { FONT-STYLE: italic } .block-quote-paragraph { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 11pt } .dropcap-large { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 300%; FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 5pt; COLOR: = #999999; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal } .dropcap-small { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 300%; FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 5pt; COLOR: = #999999; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal } .sidebar { BORDER-RIGHT: #cccccc thin solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BORDER-TOP: = #cccccc thin solid; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; BACKGROUND: = #eeeeee; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; MARGIN: 20px; BORDER-LEFT: #cccccc thin = solid; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-TOP: 10px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cccccc thin solid } .sig { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #666666; FONT-VARIANT: small-caps } .sig-in-body { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #666666; FONT-VARIANT: small-caps } .signature { FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-STYLE: italic } .photocaption { COLOR: #666666 } .photocredit { FONT-SIZE: 7pt; COLOR: #666666; TEXT-ALIGN: right } .story-table { MARGIN: 20px } .story-table-even-row { BACKGROUND: #eeeeee } .tagline { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-STYLE: italic } .infobox-head { FONT-WEIGHT: bold } .largetitle { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt } .headline { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt } .smalltitle { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt } .subhead { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt } .body-content { FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13pt } .breakingnews { LINE-HEIGHT: 14pt } .pagetitle { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } .bulletin { COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .menutrigger { Z-INDEX: 60; POSITION: relative } .sitetools { Z-INDEX: 20; VISIBILITY: hidden; WIDTH: 158px; POSITION: absolute; = HEIGHT: 144px } .sitetoolsteaser { FONT-SIZE: 7pt; Z-INDEX: 100; VISIBILITY: hidden; WIDTH: 135px; COLOR: = #ffffcc; POSITION: absolute; HEIGHT: 30px } .smallformbutton { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: = verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .smallformelement { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; WIDTH: 100px } .fullrailformelement { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; WIDTH: 115px } .fullscreenformelement { FONT-SIZE: 10pt; WIDTH: 600px } B.grey { COLOR: #666666 } .arrow { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #ff0000; LINE-HEIGHT: 12px; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.bcrumb:link { COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.bcrumb:visited { COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.bcrumb:hover { COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } A:link { COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A:visited { COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A:hover { COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } A.related:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } A.related:visited { COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.related:hover { COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } A.relatedbold:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } A.relatedbold:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.relatedbold:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } A.relatedboldrail:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.relatedboldrail:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.relatedboldrail:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } A.skybox-headline:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.subfeature-headline:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.topstory-headline:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.skybox-headline:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.subfeature-headline:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.topstory-headline:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.skybox-headline:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: = underline } A.subfeature-headline:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: = underline } A.topstory-headline:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: = underline } A.digest-headline:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.digest-headline:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.digest-headline:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: = underline } .digest-headline2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold } .skybox-headline2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold } .subfeature-headline2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold } .topstory-headline2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold } A.headline:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.headline:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.headline:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: = underline } A.headline2:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.headline2:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.headline2:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: = underline } A.headline3:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.headline3:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.headline3:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: = underline } .npheadline1 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: "times new = roman",times,serif } .menu { Z-INDEX: 30; VISIBILITY: hidden; POSITION: absolute } .pulldown { FONT-SIZE: 10px } .pulldown A:link { COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .pulldown A:visited { COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .pulldown A:hover { COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .mediumarea { FONT-SIZE: 7pt; COLOR: #333333 } .mediumarea A:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .mediumarea A:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .mediumarea A:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .mainarea { COLOR: #ffffff } .mainarea A:link { COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .mainarea A:visited { COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .mainarea A:hover { COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .lightgreylinks A:link { COLOR: #cccccc; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .lightgreylinks A:visited { COLOR: #cccccc; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .lightgreylinks A:hover { COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .greytext A:link { COLOR: #cccccc; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .greytext A:visited { COLOR: #cccccc; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .greytext A:hover { COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .v1 { FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .v1 A:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .v1 A:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #0253b7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .v1 A:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .hammerhead1 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 56pt; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: = -0.1em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .hammerhead2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 46pt; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: = -0.05em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .hammerhead3 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 40pt; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: = -0.05em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .hammerhead4 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 34pt; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: = -0.05em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .hammerhead5 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 28pt; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: = -0.05em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .searchbox { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee } .searchboxrail { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee } .v1search { FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: = verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .v1searchrail { FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: = verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .v1date { FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: = verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .searchboxrule { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cccccc } .searchformelement { FONT-SIZE: 10px; WIDTH: 160px; FONT-FAMILY: = verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .searchformelement2 { FONT-SIZE: 10px; WIDTH: 160px; FONT-FAMILY: = verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif } .timestamp { FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt } .cvborder { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #bfbfbf } .cvbg1 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee } .cvbg2 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee } .cv1 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 8.5pt; COLOR: #0253b7; LINE-HEIGHT: 13pt; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; LETTER-SPACING: -0.05em } .cvnavbullet { FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: #cc0000 } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C84287.88AF09D0--