Tom Bruns

Work Address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology 321C Koshland Hall University of California Berkeley California 94720-3102 (510) 642-7987 email: pogon@berkeley.edu

Professor

B.A. 1978, Forest Science, University of Minnesota
M.S. 1982, Botany, University of Minnesota
Ph.D. 1987, Botany, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

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Courses taught at the University of California

ESPM 131. Soil Microbial Biology
ESPM 133. Forest Insects and Diseases
ESPM 134. Fire, Insects and Diseases in Wildland Ecosystems
ESPM 232. Fungi In Relation to Plant Disease
College of Natural Resources 24. Freshman Seminar: Fungi of the forest
PMB 110. Biology of Fungi
PMB 113. California Mushrooms
PMB 220. Critical Thinking in Microbiology

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Sometimes Tom can be found peering through the microscope. Most of the time, however, he can be found working away in his luxurious new office.

Publications

• Nhu H. Nguyen, Jennifer F. Kerekes, Else C. Vellinga and Thomas D. Bruns. 2013. Synonymy of Suillus imitatus, the imitator of two species within the S. caerulescens/ponderosus complex. Mycotaxon 122: 389-398.
  
  
• Rachel I. Adams, Marzia Miletto, John W. Taylor and Thomas D. Bruns. 2013. Dispersal in microbes: fungi in indoor air are dominated by outdoor air and show dispersal limitation at short distances. The ISME Journal doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.28.
  
  
• Shannon P Schechter, Thomas D Bruns. 2013. A Common Garden Test of Host-Symbiont Specificity Supports a Dominant Role for Soil Type in Determining AMF Assemblage Structure in Collinsia sparsiflora. PloS one 8(2): e55507.
  
  
• Jennifer M Talbot, Thomas D Bruns, Dylan P Smith, Sara Branco, Sydney I Glassman, Sonya Erlandson, Rytas Vilgalys, Kabir G Peay. 2013. Independent roles of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic communities in soil organic matter decomposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 57: 282-291.
  
  
• Thomas D Bruns. 2012. The North American Mycoflora project–the first steps on a long journey. New Phytologist 196(4): 972-974.
  
  
• N.H. Nguyen, N.A. Hynson and T.D. Bruns. 2012. Stayin’ Alive: survival of mycorrhizal fungal propagules from six year old forest soil. Fungal Ecology http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2012.05.006.
  
  
• S.P. Schechter and T.D. Bruns. 2012. Edaphic sorting drives arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community assembly in a serpentine/non-serpentine mosaic landscape. Ecosphere 3(5): art42.
  
  
• Kabir G. Peay, Max G. Schubert, Nhu H. Nguyen and Thomas D. Bruns. 2012. Measuring ectomycorrhizal fungal dispersal: macroecological patterns driven by microscopic propagules. Molecular Ecology doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05666.x.
  
  
• Vincent S. F. T. Merckx, Steven B. Janssens, Nicole A. Hynson, Chelsea D. Specht, Thomas D. Bruns and Erik F. Smets. 2012. Mycoheterotrophic interactions are not limited to a narrow phylogenetic range of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Molecular Ecology 21: 1524–1532. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05472.x
  
  
• Bruns T.D. and Desjardin D.E. 2011. Spongiforma squarepantsii. What's in a name? and what's the underlying biology? Mushroom the Journal 107(28): 55-56, 58-59.
  
  
• Desjardin, D.E., Peay, K.G. and Bruns, T.D. 2011. Spongiforma squarepantsii: a new species of gasteroid bolete from Borneo. Mycologia 103: 1119-1123. doi:10.3852/10-433. [sf chronicle article]
  
  
• Prachand Shrestha, Timothy M. Szaro, Thomas D. Bruns and John W. Taylor. 2011. Systematic search for cultivatable fungi that best deconstruct cell walls of Miscanthus and sugarcane in the field. Applied Environmental Microbiology 77(15): 5490–5504. doi:10.1128/AEM.02996-10.
  
  
• Peay, K. G., P. G. Kennedy, and T. D. Bruns. 2011. Rethinking ectomycorrhizal succession: are root density and hyphal exploration types drivers of spatial and temporal zonation? Fungal ecology 4: 233-240. [supplimental data]
  
  
• Kabir G. Peay, Matteo Garbelotto and Thomas D. Bruns. 2010. Evidence of dispersal limitation in soil microorganisms: Isolation reduces species richness on mycorrhizal tree islands. Ecology 91(12): 3631-3640. doi: 10.1890/09-2237.1.
  
  
• Amend, A. S., K. A. Seifert, T. D. Bruns. 2010. Quantifying microbial communities with 454 pyrosequencing: does read abundance count? Molecular Ecology. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04898.x
  
  
• Vincent Merckx, Marcus Stöckel, Andreas Fleischmann, Thomas D. Bruns, Gerhard Gebauer. 2010. ¹⁵N and ¹³C natural abundance of two mycoheterotrophic and a putative partially mycoheterotrophic species associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. 2010. New Phytologist 188 (2): 590-596. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03365.x.
  
  
• Amend, A., K. A. Seifert, R. Samson, T. D. Bruns. 2010. Indoor fungal composition is geographically patterned and more diverse in temperate zones than the tropics. PNAS 107(31): 13748–13753. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000454107.
  
  
• Thomas D. Bruns, Lisa C. Grubisha, James M. Trappe ,Jennifer F. Kerekes and Else C. Vellinga. 2010. Suillus quiescens, a new species commonly found in the spore bank in California and Oregon. Mycologia 102(2): 438–446.
  
  
• Kabir G. Peay, Thomas D. Bruns and Matteo Garbelotto. 2010. Testing the ecological stability of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: effects of heat, ash and mycorrhizal colonization on Pinus muricata seedling performance. Plant and Soil 330: 291–302.
  
  
• N.A. Hynson and T.D. Bruns. 2010. Fungal hosts for mycoheterotrophic plants: a nonexclusive, but highly selective club. New Phytologist 185: 598-601.
  
  
• Kabir G. Peay, Peter G. Kennedy, Stuart J. Davies, Sylvester Tan and Thomas D. Bruns. 2009. Potential link between plant and fungal distributions in a dipterocarp rainforest: community and phylogenetic structure of tropical ectomycorrhizal fungi across a plant and soil ecotone. New Phytologist 185: 529–542. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03075.x.
  
  
• Kabir G. Peay, Thomas D. Bruns and Matteo Garbelotto. 2009. Testing the ecological stability of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: effects of heat, ash and mycorrhizal colonization on Pinus muricata seedling performance. Plant Soil 330: 291–302. DOI 10.1007/s11104-009-0200-1.
  
  
• N.A. Hynson and T.D. Bruns. 2009. Evidence of a myco-heterotroph in the plant family Ericaceae that lacks mycorrhizal specificity. Proceedings of the Royal Society London Series B: Biological Sciences doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1190.
  
  
• Peter G. Kennedy, Kabir G. Peay and Thomas D. Bruns. 2009. Root tip competition among ectomycorrhizal fungi: Are priority effects a rule or an exception? Ecology 90(8): 2098 –2107.
  
  
• Clare H. Robinson, Timothy M. Szaro, Antonio D. Izzo, Ian C. Anderson, Pamela I. Parkin, Thomas D. Bruns. 2009. Spatial distribution of fungal communities in a coastal grassland soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41: 414–416.
  
  
• Kabir G. Peay, Matteo Garbelotto and Thomas D. Bruns. 2009. Spore heat resistance plays an important role in disturbance-mediated assemblage shift of ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing Pinus muricata seedlings. Journal of Ecology 97(3): 537–547. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01489.x.
  
  
• N.A. Hynson, K. Preiss, G. Gebauer and T.D. Bruns. 2009. Isotopic evidence of full and partial myco-heterotrophy in the plant tribe Pyroleae (Ericaceae). New Phytologist 182: 719–726.
  
  
• Anne Pringle, Rachel Adams, Hugh Cross and Thomas Bruns. 2009. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita phalloides was introduced and is expanding its range on the west coast of North America. Molecular Ecology 18: 817–833.
  
  
• Erik A. Lilleskov, Thomas D. Bruns, Todd E. Dawson and Francisco J. Camacho. 2009. Water sources and controls on water-loss rates of epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarps during summer drought. New Phytologist 182: 483–494.
  
  
• Thomas D. Bruns, Peter G. Kennedy. 2009. Individuals, populations, communities and function: the growing field of ectomycorrhizal ecology. New Phytologist 182: 12-14.
  
  
• Thomas D. Bruns, Kabir G. Peay, Primrose J. Boynton, Lisa C. Grubisha, Nicole A. Hynson, Nhu H. Nguyen, Nicholas P. Rosenstock. 2009. Inoculum potential of Rhizopogon spores increases with time over the first 4 yr of a 99-yr spore burial experiment. New Phytologist 181: 463–470. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02652.x.
  
  
• Thomas R. Horton, A. Elizabeth Arnold and Thomas D. Bruns. 2008. FESIN workshops at ESA—the mycelial network grows. Mycorrhiza DOI 10.1007/s00572-008-0210-5.
  
  
• Kabir G. Peay, Peter G. Kennedy and Thomas D. Bruns. 2008. Fungal community ecology: a hybrid beast with a molecular master. BioScience 58(9): 799-810.
  
  
• S.P. Schechter and T.D. Bruns. 2008. Serpentine and non-serpentine ecotypes of Collinsia sparsiflora associate with distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal assemblages. Molecular Ecology (2008) 17: 3198–3210.
  
  
• Thomas D. Bruns, A. Elizabeth Arnold and Karen W. Hughes. 2008. Fungal networks made of humans: UNITE, FESIN, and frontiers in fungal ecology. New Phytologist 177: 586–588.
  
  
• Peter Kennedy and Tom Bruns. 2007. Mycorrhizas take root at the Ecological Society of America. New Phytologist 176(4): 745–748. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02280.x
  
  
• Peter G. Kennedy, Sarah Hortal, Sara E. Bergemann and and Thomas D. Bruns. 2007. Competitive interactions among three ectomycorrhizal fungi and their relation to host plant performance. Journal of Ecology 95: 1338–1345.
  
  
• Lisa C. Grubisha, Sarah E. Bergemann and Thomas D. Bruns. 2007. Host islands within the California Northern Channel Islands create fine-scale genetic structure in two sympatric species of the symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus Rhizopogon. Molecular Ecology 16(9): 1811-1822. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03264.x
  
  
• Kabir G. Peay, Thomas D. Bruns, Peter G. Kennedy, Sarah E. Bergemann and Matteo Garbelotto. 2007. A strong species–area relationship for eukaryotic soil microbes: island size matters for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Ecology Letters 10: 470–480. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01035.x.
  
  
• Kennedy P. G., Bergemann, S. E., Hortal, S., and T. D. Bruns. 2007. Determining the outcome of field-based competition between two Rhizopogon species using real-time PCR. Molecular Ecology 16(4): 881–890. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03191.x.
  
  
• Agneta H. Plamboeck, Todd E. Dawson, Louise M. Egerton-Warburton, Malcolm North, Thomas D. Bruns and José Ignacio Querejeta. 2007. Water transfer via ectomycorrhizal fungal hyphae to conifer seedlings. Mycorrhiza 17(5): 17:439–447.
  
  
• Tom Bruns. 2006. Evolutionary biology: A kingdom revised. Nature 443: 758-761.
  
  
• Antonio Izzo, Diem Thi Nguyen and Thomas D. Bruns. 2006. Spatial structure and richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing bioassay seedlings from resistant propagules in a Sierra Nevada forest: comparisons using two hosts that exhibit different seedling establishment patterns. Mycologia 98(3): 374–383.
  
  
• T. A. Rusca, P. G. Kennedy and T. D. Bruns. 2006. The effect of different pine hosts on the sampling of Rhizopogon spore banks in five Eastern Sierra Nevada forests. New Phytologist 170(3): 551-560.
  
  
• Izzo, A.D., M. Canright, and T.D. Bruns. 2006. The effects of heat treatments on ectomycorrhizal resistant propagules and their ability to colonize bioassay seedlings. Mycological Research 110(2): 196-202.
  
  
• Lilleskov, E. A. and T. D. Bruns. 2005. Spore dispersal of a resupinate ectomycorrhizal fungus, Tomentella sublilacina, via soil food webs. Mycologia 97(4): 762-769.
  
  
• Lisa C. Grubisha, Annette M. Kretzer and Thomas D. Bruns. 2005. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the truffle-like ectomycorrhizal fungi Rhizopogon occidentalis and Rhizopogon vulgaris. Molecular Ecology Notes 5(3): 608-610.
  
  
• Izzo, A.D., M. Meyer, M. North, J.M. Trappe and T.D. Bruns. 2005. Hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungal species on roots and in small mammal diet in a mixed conifer forest. Forest Science 53(3): 243-254. (ICOM4 poster in pdf format)
  
  
• Bidartondo, M.I. and Bruns, T.D. 2005. On the origins of extreme mycorrhizal specificity in the Monotropoideae (Ericaceae): performance trade-offs during seed germination and seedling development. Molecular Ecology 14: 1549–1560.
  
  
• Grubisha, L.C., Trappe, J.M., Bruns, T.D. 2005. Preliminary record of ectomycorrhizal fungi on two California Channel Islands. Eds. Garcelon, DK, Schwemm, CA. In: Proceedings of the Sixth California Islands Symposium, Ventura, California, December 1-3, 2003, pp. 171-183. National Park Service Technical Publication CHIS-05-01, Institute for Wildlife Studies, Arcata, California.
  
  
• Antonio Izzo, Josephine Agbowo and Thomas D. Bruns. 2005. Detection of plot-level changes in ectomycorrhizal communities across years in an old-growth mixed-conifer forest. New Phytologist 166(2): 619-630. Supplimental figures pdf.
  
  
• Peter G. Kennedy, Thomas D. Bruns. 2005. Priority effects determine the outcome of ectomycorrhizal competition between two Rhizopogon species colonizing Pinus muricata seedlings. New Phytologist 166(2): 631-638.
  
  
• Thomas D. Bruns, Jacqueline Baar, Paul Grogan, Thomas R. Horton, Annette M. Kretzer, Dirk Redecker, Jenny Tan and D. Lee Taylor. 2005. Natural history and community dynamics of ectomycorrhizal fungi following the Mt. Vision fire. pp33-40, In: Lessens Learned from the October 1995 Mt. Vision Fire; CD ROM published by Points Reyes National Seashore.
  
  
• Lilleskov, E. A., Bruns, T. D., Horton, T. R., Taylor, D. L. and Grogan, P. 2004. Detection of forest stand-level spatial structure in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. - FEMS Microbiology Ecology 49: 319-332.
  
  
• Thomas D. Bruns and Richard P. Shefferson. 2004. Evolutionary studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi: recent advances and future directions. Canadian Journal of Botany 82: 1122–1132.
  
  
• Martin I. Bidartondo, Bastian Burghardt, Gerhard Gebauer, Thomas D. Bruns and David J. Read. 2004. Changing partners in the dark: isotopic and molecular evidence of ectomycorrhizal liaisons between forest orchids and trees. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Biological Sciences 271: 1799–1806.
  
  
• Taylor, D.L., Bruns T.D., Hodges, S.A. 2004. Evidence for mycorrhizal races in a cheating orchid. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences 271: 35-43.
  
  
• Kennedy, P., Izzo, A.D., and T.D. Bruns. 2003. There is high potential for the formation of common mycorrhizal networks between understorey and canopy trees in a mixed evergreen forest. Journal of Ecology 91: 1071-1080.
  
  
• Rasmus Kjøller & Thomas D. Bruns. 2003. Rhizopogon spore bank communities within and among California pine forests. Mycologia 95: 603-613.
  
  
• D. Lee Taylor, Thomas D. Bruns, Timothy M. Szaro, and Scott A. Hodges. 2003. Divergence in mycorrhizal specialization within Hexalectris spicata, a nonphotosynthetic desert orchid. American Journal of Botany 90: 1168-1179.
  
  
• Else C. Vellinga, Rogier P. J. de Kok and Thomas D. Bruns. 2003. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae). Mycologia 95(3): 442-456.
  
  
• Lilleskov, E. A. and Bruns, T. D. 2003. Root colonization dynamics of two ectomycorrhizal fungi of contrasting life history strategies are mediated by addition of organic nutrient patches. New Phytologist 159: 141-151.
  
  
• Bidartondo, M.I., Bruns, T.D., Weiss, M., Sergio, C. and D.J. Read. 2003. Specialized cheating of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis by an epiparasitic liverwort. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Biological Sciences. 270(1517): 835-842.
  
  
• Martin I. Bidartondo, Dirk Redecker, Isabelle Hijrl, Andres Wiemken, Thomas D. Bruns, Laura Dominguez, Alicia Sersic, Jonathan R. Leake and David J. Read. 2002. Epiparasitic plants specialized on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 419: 389-392. News & Views commentary: Hibbett, D.S., Nature 419: 345-346.
  
  
• Bruns, T.D., Bidartondo, M.I., Taylor, D.L. 2002. Host specificity in ectomycorrhizal communities: What do the exceptions tell us? Integrative and Comparative Biology 42 (2): 352-359.
  
  
• Tom Bruns, Jenny Tan, Tim Szaro, Martin Bidartondo and Dirk Redecker. 2002. Survival of Suillus pungens and Amanita francheti ectomycorrhizal genets was rare or absent after a stand-replacing wildfire. New Phytologist 155(3): 517-523.
  
  
• Bidartondo, M. I.& Bruns, T. D. 2002. Fine-level mycorrhizal specificity in the Monotropoideae (Ericaceae): specificity for fungal species groups. Molecular Ecology 11(3): 557-569.
  
  
• M. I. Bidartondo and T. D. Bruns. 2001. Extreme specificity in epiparasitic Monotropoideae (Ericaceae): widespread phylogenetic and geographical structure. Molecular Ecology 10(9): 2285 - 2295.
  
  
• Horton, Thomas R. & Bruns, Thomas D. 2001.   The molecular revolution in ectomycorrhizal ecology: peeking into the black-box. Molecular Ecology 10 (8): 1855-1871.
  
  
• Thomas, D. Bruns, Jacqueline Baar, Paul Grogan, Thomas R. Horton,Annette M.Kretzer, Dirk Redecker, Jenny Tan, and D. Lee Taylor. 2001. Community dynamics of ectomycorrhizal fungi following the Mount Vision fire.
  
  
• D. Redecker, T. M. Szaro, R. J. Bowman & T. D. Bruns. 2001.  Small genets of Lactarius xanthogalactus, Russula cremoricolor and Amanita francheti in late-stage ectomycorrhizal successions. Molecular Ecology 10(4): 1025-1034.
  
  
• M.I. Bidartondo, J. Baar, and T.D. Bruns. 2001. Low ectomycorrhizal inoculum potential and diversity from soils in and near ancient forests of bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva). Canadian Journal of Botany 79(3): 293-299.
  
  
• Lilleskov, E. K. and Bruns, T. D. 2001. Nitrogen and ectomycorrhizal fungal communities: what we know, what we need to know. New Phytologist 149: 156-158.
  
  
• Bruns, T. D., E. A. Lilleskov, M. I. Bidartondo, T. R. Horton. 2001. Patterns in ectomycorrhizal community structure in pinaceous ecosystems. Phytopathology 91 (6 Supplement): S163-S164.
  
  
• Grogan, P.; Baar, J.; Bruns, T. D. 2000. Below-ground ectomycorrhizal community structure in a recently burned bishop pine forest. Journal of Ecology December, 2000. 88(6): 1051-1062.
  
  
• Bruns, T. D., M. I. Bidartondo and D.L. Taylor. 2000. Interactions of ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal epiparasites. American Zoologist 40(6): 956.
  
  
• Thomas D. Bruns and David J. Read. 2000. In vitro germination of nonphotosynthetic, myco-heterotrophic plants stimulated by fungi isolated from the adult plants. New Phytologist: 148: 335-342.
  
  
• Bidartondo, M. I., Kretzer, A. M., Pine, E. M. and T. D. Bruns.2000.  High root concentration and uneven ectomycorrhizal diversity near Sarcodes sanguinea (Ericaceae): A cheater that stimulates its victims? American Journal of Botany 87: 1783-1788.
  
  
• Annette M. Kretzer, Martin I. Bidartondo, Lisa Grubisha, Joseph W. Spatafora,Timothy M. Szaro and Thomas D. Bruns. 2000.  Regional specialization of Sarcodes sanguinea (Ericaceae) on a single fungal symbiont from the Rhizopogon ellenae (Rhizopogonaceae) species complex. American Journal of Botany 87: 1778-1782.
  
  
• Grogan, P., Bruns, T. D. and Chapin, F. S. 2000. Fire effects on ecosystem nitrogen cycling in a Californian bishop pine forest. Oecologia. V122, 537-544.
  
  
• Redecker, D., J.B. Morton and T.D. Bruns. 2000. Molecular phylogeny of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus sinuosum and Sclerocystis coremioides. Mycologia 92: 282-285.
  
  
• Redecker, D., J.B. Morton and T.D. Bruns. 2000. Ancestral Lineages of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Glomales). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 14(2): 276-284.
  
  
• Hughey, B. D., G. C. Adams, T. D. Bruns and D. S. Hibbett. 2000. Phylogeny of Calostoma, the gelatinous-stalked puffball, based on nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia, 92: 94-104.
  
  
• Kretzer, A. and T.D. Bruns. 1999. Use of atp6 in fungal phylogenetics: an example from the Boletales. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 483-492.
  
  
• D. L. Taylor & T. D. Bruns. 1999. Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: minimal overlap between the mature forest and resistant propagule communities. Molecular Ecology, v.8, n.11, (1999): 1837-1850.
  
  
• D. L. Taylor & T. D. Bruns. 1999. Population, habitat and genetic correlates of mycorrhizalspecialization in the 'cheating' orchids Corallorhiza maculata and C. mertensiana. Molecular Ecology, v.8, n.10, (1999): 1719-1732.
  
  
• Baar, J., Horton, T. R., Kretzer, A., Bruns, T. D. 1999. Mycorrhizal recolonization of Pinus muricata from resistant propagules after a stand-replacing wildfire. New Phytologist: 143:409-418.
  
  
• M. Garbelotto, F. W. Cobb, T. D. Bruns, W. J. Otrosina,T. Popenuck, and G. Slaughter. 1999.   Genetic Structure of Heterobasidion annosum in White Fir Mortality Centers in California. Phytopathology, July 1999, Volume 89, Number 7.Pages 546-554. Publication no. P-1999-0423-01R.
  
  
• Stendell, E.R., T.R. Horton and T.D. Bruns. 1999. Early effects of prescribed fire on the structure ofthe ectomycorrhizal fungal community in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine forest. Mycological Research 103: 1353-1359.
  
  
• Horton, T.R., Bruns, T.D., and Parker, T.V. 1999. Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Arctostaphylos contribute to Pseudotsuga menziesii establishment. Canadian Journal of Botany 77: 93-102.
  
  
• Garbelotto, M., Otrosina, W. J., Cobb, F.W. and Bruns, T.D. 1998. The European S and F intersterility groups of Heterobasidion annosum may represent sympatric protospecies. Canadian Journal of Botany, 1998. 76(3): p. 397-409.
  
  
• Horton, T.R., and Bruns, T.D. 1998. Multiple host fungi are the most frequent and abundant ectomycorrhizal types in a mixed stand of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii D. Don) and bishop pine (Pinus muricata D. Don). New Phytologist 139(2) 331-339
  
  
• Horton, T.R., Cázares, E. & Bruns, T.D. 1998. Ectomycorrhizal, vesicular-arbuscular and dark septate fungal colonization of bishop pine (Pinus muricata) seedlings in the first five months of growth after wildfire. Mycorrhiza 8: 11-18
  
  
• Roy, B. A., Vogler, D. R., Bruns, T. D. and Szaro, T. M. 1998. Cryptic species in the Puccinia monoica complex. Mycologia 90(5): 847-854
  
  
• Bruns, T.D., T.M. Szaro, M. Gardes, K.W. Cullings,J.J. Pan, D.L. Taylor, T.R. Horton, A. Kretzer, M. Garbelottoand Y. Li. 1998.   A sequence database for the identification of ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycetes by phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Ecology, v.7, n.3, (1998): 257-272
  
  
• Bonello, P; Bruns, TD; Gardes, M. 1998. Genetic structure of a natural population of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus pungens. 1998.  New Phytologist, 1998 MAR, V138 N3:533-542
  
  
• Vogler, D.R., and Bruns, T.D. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships among the pine stem rust fungi (Cronartium and Peridermium spp.). Mycologia 90(2): 244-257.  Cronartium ITS PAUP file used in the Vogler (1998) and Bruns paper. file
  
  
• Kretzer, A. and T.D. Bruns. 1997. Molecular revisitation of the genus Gastrosuillus. Mycologia 89(4): 586-589
  
  
• Garbelotto, M; Slaughter, G; Popenuck, T; Cobb, FW; and others. 1997. Secondary spread of Heterobasidion annosum in white fir root-disease centers. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. May 1997, V27 N5: 766-773
  
  
• D. Lee Taylor and Thomas D. Bruns. 1997. Independent, specialized invasions of ectomycorrhizal mutualism by two nonphotosynthetic orchids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 4510-4515
  
  
• Garbelotto, Matteo M., Hoon K. Lee, Gary Slaughter, Tina Popenuck, Fields W. Cobb and Thomas D. Bruns. 1997. Heterokaryosis is not required for virulence of Heterobasidion annosum. Mycologia 89 (1) 1997: 92-102
  
  
• Gardes, M.; Bruns, T.D. 1996. Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: Above- and below-ground views. Canadian Journal of Botany, v.74, n.10, (1996): 1572-1583
  
  
• Garbelotto, M; Ratcliff, A; Burns, T D; Cobb, F W; Otrosina, W J. 1996. Use of taxon-specific competitive-priming PCR to study host specificity, hybridization, and intergroup geneflow in intersterility groups of Heterobasidion annosum. Phytopathology, v.86, n.5, (1996): 543-551
  
  
• Kretzer, A., Li, Y., Szaro, T.M., Bruns, T.D. 1996. Internal transcribed spacer sequences from 38 recognizedspecies of Suillus senu lato: Phylogenetic and taxonomic implications. Mycologia 88(5): 776-785.  Suillus ITS Paup file used in Kretzer (1996) et. al. paper. Click here for a text only version of the file
  
  
• Gardes, M. and Bruns, T. D. 1996. ITS-RFLP matching for the identification of fungi. in Clapp, J. P. (Ed.). Methods In Molecular Biology, Vol. 50. Species Diagnostics Protocols: Pcr and Other Nucleic Acid Methods. 416p. Humana Press Inc. Totowa, New Jersey. 50: 177-186
  
  
• Cullings, K. W., Szaro, T. M., and Bruns, T. D. 1996. Evolution of extreme specialization within a lineage of ectomycorrhizal epiparasites. Nature 379(6560): 63-66
  
  
• Garbelotto, M; Popenuck, T; Ratcliff, A; Cobb, F W;Bruns, T D. 1996. Host selection against SP hybrids of Heterobasidion annosum: Implications for speciation. (Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, North Central Division, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, July 27-31, 1996). Phytopathology, v.86, n.11 SUPPL., (1996): S28-S29
  
  
• Bowen, M.D., Jackson, A.O., Bruns, T.D., Hacker, D.L. and Hardy, J.L. 1995. Determination and comparative analysis of the small RNA genomic sequences of California encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon, Jerry Slough, Melao, Keystone and Trivittatus viruses (Bunyaviridae, genus Bunyavirus, California serogroup). J Gen Virol 76: 559-572
  
  
• Bruns, T. D. 1995. Thoughts of the processes that maintain local species diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Pl. Soil 170: 63-73
  
  
• Horton, T R; Parker, V T; Bruns, T D. 1994. Molecular verification that Pseudotsuga menziesii and Arctostaphylos glandulose associate with the same fungal species in field collected mycorrhizae. (79th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, v.75, n.2 PART 2, (1994): 99
  
  
• Garbelotto, M., Bruns, T.D., Cobb, F. W. and Otrosina W. J. 1993. Differentiation of intersterility groups and geographic provenances among isolates of Heterobasidion annosum by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA assays. Can. J. Bot. 71: 565-569
  
  
• Vogler, D. R. and Bruns, T. D. 1993. Use of molecularcharacters to identify holomorphs: an example from the rust genus Cronartium. In Reynolds, D. R. and Taylor, J. W. (ed). The fungal holomorph: a consideration of mitotic, meiotic and pleomorphic speciation. Wallingford: CAB International pp. 237-245
  
  
• Bruns, T. D., Gardes, M. 1993. Molecular tools for the identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi: taxon-specific oligonucleotide probes for the suilloid fungi. Molecular Ecology 2: 233-242
  
  
• Gardes, M. and Bruns, T. D. 1993. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes: application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2: 113-118
  
  
• Bruns, T. D., R. Vilgalys, S. M. Barns, D. Gonzalez, D. S. Hibbett, D. J. Lane, L. Simon, S. Stickel, T. M. Szaro, W. G. Weisburg and M. L. Sogin. 1992. Evolutionary relationships within the Fungi: analyses of nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1: 231-241
  
  
• Cullings, K. W. and T. D. Bruns. 1992. Phylogenetic origins of the Monotropoideae inferred from partial 28S rRNA gene sequences. Canadian Journal Of Botany. 70(8):1703-1708
  
  
• Bruns, T. D. and Szaro, T. M. 1992. Rate and mode differences between nuclear and mitochondrial small rRNA genes in mushrooms. Mol. Biol. Evol 9: 836-855
  
  
• Baura, G., Szaro, T. M. and Bruns, T. D. 1992. Gastroboletus laricinus is a recent derivative of Suillus grevillei. Mycologia 84: 592-597
  
  
• Simon, L., Lalonde M., and Bruns T. D. 1992. Specific amplification of 18S fungal ribosomal genes from vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal (VAM) roots. Appl. Envir. Microb. 58: 291-295
  
  
• Bruns, T. D., White, T. J. and Taylor, J. W. 1991. Fungal Molecular Systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 22. (1991), pp. 525-564.
  
  
• Gardes, M., J. Fortin, T. J. White, T. D. Bruns, and J. W.Taylor. 1991. Identification of indigenous and introduced symbiotic fungi in mycorrhizae by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer. Can J. Bot 69: 180-190
  
  
• Bruns, T. D., R. Fogel, J. W. Taylor. 1990. Amplification and sequencing of DNA from fungal herbarium specimens. Mycologia 82: 175-184
  
  
• White, T. J., T. D. Bruns, S. B. Lee, and J. W. Taylor. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA Genes for phylogenetics. Pp 315-322 In: PCR - Protocols and Applications - A Laboratory Manual. Eds, N. Innis, D. Gelfand, J.Sninsky, and T. White. Academic Press, New York
  
  
• Bruns, T. D., R. Fogel, White, T. J. and J. D. Palmer. 1989. Accelerated evolution of a false-truffle from a mushroom ancestor. Nature 339: 140-142
  
  
• Bruns, T. D. and J. D. Palmer. 1989. Evolution of mushroom mitochondrial DNA: Suillus and related genera. J. Mol. Evol. 28: 349-362
  
  
• Bruns, T. D., J. D. Palmer, D.S. Shumard, L. I. Grossman, andM. E. S. Hudspeth. 1988. Mitochondrial DNAs of Suillus: Threefold-size change in molecules that share a common gene order. Current Genetics 13: 49-56
  
  
• Bruns, T. D. 1984. Insect mycophagy in the Boletales: fungivore diversity and the mushroom habitat. pp. 91-129. in Q. Wheeler and M. Blackwell (eds.), Fungus-insect relationships: perspectives in ecology and evolution. NY, Columbia University.

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