13.2 THE EMERGENCE OF ECOLOGY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
    1910 - 1985

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    2. Conservation as Economic Ecology
    • The ecologist is the manager of the natural environment; humans superior to nature.
    • Beneficial management raises productivity over time.
    • Kenneth Watt, UC Davis: Goal is to "optimize the harvest of useful tissue."
    • "Man" is an economic animal; bioeconomics maximizes production.
    3. Charles Elton
    • 1927, Animal Ecology.
    • 1932, Founds Bureau of Animal Population, Oxford, England.
    • Pyramid of Numbers: herbivores form broad base for fewer numbers of predators with an "invulnerable" species at apex.
    4. Forest Ecosystem

    5. Pond Ecosystem

    6. Food Chain: Raymond Lindeman, 1942

    7. Producers and Consumers

    8. Food Chain

    9. Energy Pyramid

    • Decrease in numbers of organisms, and usable energy in a food chain.
    10. Eugene Odum
    • Institute for Ecology, University of Georgia.
    • Nature as a balanced, stable system, 1969.
    • Succession is development toward a stabilized ecosystem.
    • Landscape as "oikos" or home for humanity.
    • Nature's Pulsing Paradigm, 1995.
    11. Aldo Leopold
    • Trained at Yale Forestry School, est. 1900 by Pinchot family funds.
    • 1933, Game Management.
    • Game are like crops.
    • Game managers are like doctors.
    • Dying wolf: "a fierce green fire dying in her eyes." Arizona, 1920s.
    12. Leopold and Pine Tree
    • "Land Ethic," 1949, in A Sand County Almanac.
    • A-B cleavage: land as commodity production versus land as biotic pyramid.
    • Restoration: To reconstruct original Wisconisn prairies; to replant red and white pines.
    13. Rachel Carson
    • Silent Spring, 1962.
    • Pesticides as "elixirs of death."
    • DDT; chlorinated hydrocarbons; organophosphates.
    • Concentration in food chain.
    • Genetic resistance to pesticides.
    14. Rachel Carson at Work
    • Paradigm shift from chemical controls to integrated pest management.
    • "We stand now where two roads diverge;" the "less traveled" fork is biological control by natural enemies.
    • 1970, pesticide regulation under EPA.
    • 1972, Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act.
    15. Egocentric Ethics: Self Self-Interest:
    • Thomas Hobbes
    • John Locke
    • Adam Smith
    • Garrett Hardin
    Religious:
    • Judeo-Christian Ethic
    • Arminian "Heresy"
    16. Egocentric Ethics
  • Maximization of Individual Self-Interest: What is Good for the Individual is Good for Society as a Whole
  • Mutual Coercion Mutually Agreed Upon
    •  17. Homocentric Ethics: Society Utilitarian:
    • J.S. Mill
    • Jeremy Bentham
    • Gifford Pinchot
    • Peter Singer
    • Barry Commoner
    • Murray Bookchin
    • Environmental Justice Movement
    Religious:
    • John Ray
    • William Derham
    • Rene Dubos
    • Robin Attfield
    18. Homocentric Ethics Greatest Good for the Greatest Number for the Longest Time

    Social Justice

    Duty to the Human Community

     19. Ecocentric Ethics: Cosmos Eco-Scientific:
    • Aldo Leopold
    • Rachel Carson
    • Deep Ecologists
    • Restoration Ecologists
    • Biological Control
    • Sustainable Agriculture
    Eco-Religious:
    • American Indian
    • Buddhism
    • Spiritual Feminists
    • Spiritual Greens
    • Process Philosophers
    20. Ecocentric Ethics
  • Rational, Scientific Belief-System Based on Laws of Ecology
  • Unity, Stability, Diversity, Harmony of Ecosystem
  • Balance of Nature
    •  21. Partnership Ethics: People and Nature
    • The Greatest Good for the Human and Nonhuman Communities is in their Mutual Living Interdependence.
    22. Partnership Ethics
    • Equity between the human and nonhuman communities.
    • Moral consideration for both humans and other species.
    • Respect for cultural diversity and biodiversity.
    • Inclusion of women, minorities, and nonhuman nature in the code of accountability.
    • An ecologically sound management that is consistent with the continued health of both the human and nonhuman communities.
    23. Questions for Discussion
    • Is ecological science the best way to manage the environment?
    • What in your view would a viable environmental ethic look like?