14.1
WATER, ENERGY,
AND POPULATION
IN THE TWENTIETH
CENTURY
1900 - 1980
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2. Western Water Law: Colorado
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First in time, first in right.
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Beneficial use; diversion for
irrigation.
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Senior appropriator gets first
right; junior
appropriator second, even if upstream from senior; drought driven.
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If senior adds land and wants
more water,
gets a new appropriation date for the new land; gets extra water later.
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Appropriators can sell water
among themselves;
quantified for specific use.
3. Western Water Law: California
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Lux vs. Haggin, 1879 court
case; appealed
1886: ranching vs. farming.
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Henry Miller and Charles Lux,
ranching partners,
claim Kern River water under common law riparian rights by 1850 state
constitution;
move cattle to water.
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Ben Ali Haggin, farmer, claims
upstream river
water on basis of prior appropriation; moves water to crops.
4. California Doctrine
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State Supreme Court ruling,
1886.
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Riparian rights prevail on
private lands.
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Appropriation (use date)
prevails over riparian
(purchase date) if appropriator is first user.
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Both riparian and
appropriation are valid;
timing of acquisition determines which prevails in event of conflict.
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Miller and Haggin build dam
together.
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Cal. doctrine spreads to 8
western states.
5. Donald Worster: Rivers of Empire
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Hydraulic society: local
subsistence mode
(Hohokam); agrarian state mode (Egypt, China); capitalist state mode
(California
and western U.S.).
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Capitalist agriculture +
government funding
+ engineering = capitalist state mode.
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Science and technology as
means of dominating
nature; Frankfurt School.
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Instrumental reason: serves
means not ends;
money not morals; profit not social good.
6. Donald Worster vs. Marc Reisner
Rivers of Empire, 1985
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Hydraulic society
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Power of capitalist mode;
domination
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Instrumentalism
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Determinism
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Critical history
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Ecocatastrophe
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Nature as limits; grounding;
teacher
Cadillac Desert, 1986
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Dams as problem
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Power of engineers, bureaucrats
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Individual actors
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Possiblism; choices
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Moralistic history
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Brink of catastrophe
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No ecological foundation
7. Central Valley Project: 1933-44
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Federal Reclamation Project, 1902 Reclamation Act.
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1. Shasta Dam
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3. Tehama-Colusa Canal
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4. Folsom Dam
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6. New Melones Dam
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7. Friant Dam
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8. Delta-Mendota Canal
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9. San Luis Canal
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10. Friant-Kern Canal
8. Central Valley Water Project
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Friant-Kern Canal; 160 acre
limitation.
9. State Water Project
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1960, approved by voters.
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Built 1962-1973.
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Oroville Dam; Feather River.
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San Luis reservoir.
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California Aqueduct.
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DWP; L.A. MWD.
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No acreage limitation.
10. Owens Valley
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1904: L.A. ex-mayor Fred Eaton
buys up land
in Owens Valley.
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1913: 233 mile aqueduct from
Owens Valley
across Mojave Desert to L.A. is completed.
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William Mulholland, City Water
Chief of L.A.:
"There it is; take it."
11. Hoover Dam
12. Hoover Dam Powerhouse
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Flood control and electric
power generation.
13. Winters Decision, 1908
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Blackfeet Indian reservation,
Montana.
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Not enough water for
reservation.
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U.S. Supreme Court: Winters
vs. U.S.
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Indians are senior
appropriators; date of
establishment of reservation (1850s-80s) determines water date.
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Get as much water as needed to
fulfill purpose
of reservation; don’t lose water.
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Western states want this
water; conflicts.
14. Growth of Energy
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Population growth fosters
manufacturing and
need for energy.
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Human muscle and animal power.
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Wind power. Windmills.
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Water power. Dams, milldams,
waterwheels,
gristmills, textile mills.
15. Fossil Fuels
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Fossilized plant life supplies
coal and oil.
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Coal mines in Pennsylvania,
Appalachians,
Rockies.
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Coal fuels stationary steam
engine and urban
manufacturing and transportation.
16. Coal for Iron and Steel
Production
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Coal fuels iron industry.
Locomotives, bridges,
large scale machinery.
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1870s. Henry Bessemer's
converter allows high
grade steel production.
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Mid-west coal and iron ore
produces high grade
steel.
17. Petroleum
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1859. Samuel Drake strikes oil
at Oil Creek,
PA.
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Oil initially used for lamps,
street lights,
and lubricants in manufacturing.
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Oil strikes in Texas,
Oklahoma, and California
at turn of century.
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Fuel oil competes with coal in
furnaces, ships,
locomotives, and factories.
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Natural gas and gasoline for
automobiles.
18. Electricity
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Electrical energy from
hydropower.
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Paleotechnic age of coal to
neotechnic age
of electricity. Lewis Mumford.
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Electrical energy easily
transported over
transmission lines, whereas coal and oil were transported physically
from
mine and well to user.
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Thomas Edison invents electric
light bulb
for streets and homes.
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Industries and electric
streetcars thrive
on electrical applications.
19. Nuclear Power
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Post-World War II hopes for
peaceful atom.
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Nuclear disasters at Three
Mile Island, PA
Chernobyl, Russia.
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Leaking containers of spent
uranium fuel rods.
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Concerns over Yucca Mountain
Nevada Nuclear
Waste Storage Facility.
20. Paul Ehrlich
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The Population Bomb, 1968.
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"Ecocatastrophe," 1969.
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The Population Explosion, 1990,
coauthor,
Anne Ehrlich.
21. Population Growth, 1 A.D. to
2000
22. World Population Growth
23. Population Growth Rates
24. Questions for Discussion
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Is there a way to think about
water that is
not "instrumental" and considers the needs of non-human organisms?
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How should energy best be
conserved? Does
it matter?
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How can we deal with
population growth without
racism?
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