2. John Winthrop

• Conclusions for the Plantation in New England (1629).
• "The whole earth is the Lord's garden and he hath given it to the sons of man upon a condition (Genesis 1:28): Increase and multiply, replenish the earth and subdue it. . . ."

3. John Winthrop

• "Why should we . . . allow a whole continent . . . to lie empty and unimproved?"
• "God has provided this place as a refuge."

4. Creating a New World Garden

5. Clearing the Wilderness

• George Harvey, "Spring: Burning Fallen Trees in a Girdled Clearing," 1841.
• Improvement of nature.
• Cutting the forest.
• Narrative of subduing the wilderness.
• Triumph of "man" over nature.

6. Thomas Cole, Home in the Woods, 1847

7. Thomas Cole: The Oxbow, 1836

8. Thomas Cole: Expulsion from Eden, 1827-28

9. Edmund Burke

• 1729-1797, British statesman.
• A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757).
• Sublime objects are vast, rugged, dark, gloomy, massive; produce terror.
• Beautiful objects are smooth, polished, light, delicate; produce joy and pleasure.

10. Immanuel Kant

• 1724-1804. Germany.
• Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (1764).
• "The sight of a mountain whose snow-covered peak rises above the clouds, arouses enjoyment but with horror."
• Flower-strewn meadows, valleys with winding brooks and covered with grazing flocks [are beautiful].

11. Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory

• Marjorie Hope Nicolson. Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory: The Development of the Aesthetics of the Infinite (1959).
• Mountains as imperfections created by the fall of Adam and Eve and Flood.
• Mountains as sublime.

12. Henry David Thoreau

• 1817-1862. Concord, Mass.
• Walden; or Life in the Woods (1854); Excursions (1863).
• Ecocentric ethic.
• Ethic of preservation.
• "In wildness is the preservation of the world."
• Organic philosophy of nature.

13. F. W. Church: Ktaadn

14. Ralph Waldo Emerson

• Concord, Ma.; 1803-1882.
• "Nature," 1836; Essays, 1844.
• Contrast to Thoreau's cabin and critique of market.
• Embraces both transcendentalism ("The Oversoul") and the market ("Wealth").

15. Transcendentalism

• Thought, not experience yields truth.
• Truth derives from a priori elements of experience; transcendent ideas are real.
• Material world is embodiment of ideal forms.
• Changing world is clue to ideal truths.
• Emblems and symbols of ideal can be found in nature.
• Wilderness is a source of spiritual insight. 

16. The Machine in the Garden

• Leo Marx. The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (1964).

17. Thomas Moran

• "Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone."
• Yellowstone expedition, 1871.
• Financed by Jay Cooke, railroad entrepreneur, Northern Pacific railroad.

18. Andrew Melrose, Westward the Star of Empire Takes its Way, 1867

19. John Gast: American Progress, 1872

20. Immanuel Leutze: Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way, 1861, United States Capitol.

21. George Perkins Marsh

• 1801-1882. Vermont statesman.
• Man and Nature (1864); The Earth as Modified by Human Action (1874; 1885).
• "The earth was given to [man] for usefruct alone . . . not for profligate waste."
• Humanity "should become a co-worker with nature in the reconstruction of the damaged fabric."

22. John Muir

• 1838-1914. Wisconsin and California
• My First Summer in the Sierra (1911); The Yosemite (1912); A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf (1916).
• Theocentric ethic.
• Nature as God's cathedral.

23. John Muir Instructing the Sierra Club

• Hetch Hetchy controversy, 1909-1913.
• "These temple destroyers . . . have a perfect contempt for Nature."
• "Dam Hetch Hetchy, as well dam for water-tanks the people's cathedrals."

24. Gifford Pinchot

• 1865-1946.
• The Fight for Conservation (1909); Breaking New Ground (1947).
• Pinchot's ethic: "The greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time."

25. Roosevelt and Pinchot

• Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919.
• President, 1901-1909.
• Supported Pinchot's effort to dam Hetch Hetchy; broke with Muir.
• Wilderness Hunter, 1893.
• African Game Trails, 1910.

26. The National Parks Act, 1916

• "The purpose [of the National Parks Service] is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations."

27. The Wilderness Act, 1964

• "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain."